BIBLIOGRAPHY

Papers referring to grating coupler sensor chip technology
Application :: Optics :: Manufacturing

Applications
see also Manufacturing :: Optics

Immobilization on waveguide surfaces
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A standard biosensor format is to coat the sensing pad (i.e. the grating coupler) with biomolecules (e.g. antibodies) capable of selectively binding analyte molecules of interest present in a sample solution. The sensing pad responds to the presence of bound analyte. The earliest attempts to realize such a format relied on simply adsorbing the captors to the sensing pad. Unfortunately the captors are subject to leaching, and loss by exchange with the analyte. This provided the motivation to develop schemes to fix the captor molecules more permanently to the surface. The main challenges to overcome are:

(i) to build up a portfolio of immobilization protocols which can be applied to a wide variety of sensing pad materials and captors;
(ii) to fix the molecules without denaturing them; and
(iii) to control the surface captor density such that the specific binding activity is maximized.

1. Huang, N. P., R. Michel, J. Voros, M. Textor, R. Hofer, A. Rossi, D. L. Elbert, J. A. Hubbell, and N. D. Spencer. , ”Poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) layers on metal oxide surfaces: Surface-analytical characterization and resistance to serum and fibrinogen adsorption.” 
   Langmuir 2001. 17:489-498.
2. Kenausis, G. H., J. Voros, D. L. Elbert, N. P. Huang, R. Hofer, L. Ruiz-Taylor, M. Textor, J. A. Hubbell, and N. D. Spencer. "Poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) layers on metal oxide surfaces: Attachment mechanism and effects of polymer architecture on resistance to protein adsorption."
   Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000. 104:3298-3309.
3. L. Ruiz, E. Fine, J. Vörös, S. A. Makohliso, D. S. Johnston, M. Textor and H. J Mathieu, "Phosphorylcholine-containing polyurethanes for the control of protein adsorption and cell attachment via photoimmobilized laminin oligopeptides", J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn. 10 (1999), 931-955
4. Guemouri, L., J. Ogier, and J. J. Ramsden. , ”Optical properties of protein monolayers during assembly.” 
   Journal of Chemical Physics 1998. 109:3265-3268.
5. J.J. Ramsden and S. Karrasch, "Activated Langmuir-Blodgett films for immobilizing proteins on planar surfaces", Sensors and Materials 8 (1996), 469 - 476
6. R. Polzius, Th. Schneider, F.F. Bier, U. Bilitewski and W. Koschinski, "Optimization of biosensing using grating couplers: immobilization on tantalum oxide waveguides", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 11 (1996), 503 - 514
7. J.J. Ramsden, G.I. Bachmanova and A.I. Archakov, "Immobilizationof proteins to lipid bilayers", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 11 (1996), 523 - 528
8. H. Gao, M. Sänger, R. Luginbühl and H. Sigrist, "Immunosensing with photoimmobilized immunoreagents on planar optical wave-guides", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 10 (1995), 317 - 328

Adsorption of proteins at surfaces (other than lipid bilayers)
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Understanding protein adsorption and desorption is of vital importance in many fields of medicine and industry. The problems can be divided into two categories: those in which it is desired to minimize adsorption, and those in which it is desired to maximize it. The first category covers materials for kidney dialysis membranes, implants in the bloodstream, vessels for storing pharmaceutical products, marine antifouling paints, etc. The second covers mainly materials for surgical implants (e.g. bone replacement) which must be assimilated with the living tissue. In between these two categories lies work to understand fundamental processes of separation, as in chromatography, for example. The grating coupler sensor, by virtue of the unprecedented precision and time resolution with which it is possible to measure adsorption and desorption kinetics, has become an indispensible tool for studies aimed at elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying these processes at the molecular level.

1. Calonder, C., Y. Tie, and P. R. Van Tassel., ”History dependence of protein adsorption kinetics.” 
   Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001. 98:10664-10669.
2. Brusatori M. A., “Protein adsorption Kinetics under and applied electric field: An Optical Waveguide Lightmode Spectroscopy study”
   Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 2001.
3. Guemouri, L., J. Ogier, Z. Zekhnini, and J. J. Ramsden. , "The architecture of fibronectin at surfaces." 
   Journal of Chemical Physics 2000. 113:8183-8186.
4. Lavalle, P., A. L. DeVries, C. C. C. Cheng, S. Scheuring, and J. J. Ramsden., “Direct observation of postadsorption aggregation of antifreeze glycoproteins on silicates.” 
   Langmuir 2000. 16:5785.
5. Höök, F., J. Vörös, A. Askendal, B. Wälivaara, P. .Tengvall, B. Kasemo, J. J. Ramsden, P. Böni, R. Kurrat, M. Textor, and N. D. Spencer. , ”A comparative study of quantitative protein adsorption on titanium oxide surfaces using in situ ellipsometry, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance techniques.” 
   Colloids and Surfaces 1999. :accepted.
6. Guemouri, L., J. Ogier, and J. J. Ramsden., ”Optical properties of protein monolayers during assembly.” 
   Journal of Chemical Physics 1998. 109:3265-3268.
7. Kurrat, R., B. Walivaara, A. Marti, M. Textor, P. Tengvall, J. J. Ramsden, and N. D. Spencer., ”Plasma protein adsorption on titanium: comparative in situ studies using optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy and ellipsometry.” 
   Colloids and Surfaces 1998. 11:187-201.
8. Van Tassel, P. R., L. Guemouri, J. J. Ramsden, G. Tarjus, P. Viot, and J. Talbot., ”A particle-level model of irreversible protein adsorption with a postadsorption transition.” 
   Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1998. 207:317.
9. Constable Edwin, C., P. Harverson, and J. J. Ramsden. , ”Adsorption of ruthenadendrimers to silica-titania surfaces studied by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS).” 
   Chem. Commun. 1997. :1683.
10. V. Ball, A. Lustig and J. J. Ramsden, "Lag phases in the adsorption of lysozyme to Si(Ti)O2 surfaces in the presence of sodium thiocynate, Part I., Phenomenology", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1 (1999), 3667-3671
11. R. Kurrat, B. Walivaara, A. Marti, M. Textor, P. Tengvall, J. J. Ramsden, N. D. Spencer, " Plasma protein adsorption on titanium: comparative in situ studies using optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy and ellipsometry", Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 11 (1998), 187-201
12. V. Ball and J.J. Ramsden, " Influence of D(-) and L(+) tartaric acid on lysozyme adsorption onto a Si(Ti)O2 surface" Naturwissenschaften 85 (1998), 87-89
13. G. Csúcs and J.J. Ramsden, "Generalized ballistic deposition of small buoyant particles", J. Chem. Phys. 109 (1998),  779-781
14. L. Guemouri, J. Ogier and J.J. Ramsden, "Optical properties of protein monolayers during assembly", J. Chem. Phys. 109 (1998), 3265-3268
15. P. R. Van Tassel, L. Guemouri, J. J. Ramsden, G. Tarjus, P. Viot and J. Talbot, "A particle-level model of irreversible protein adsorption with a postadsorption transition", J. Colloid Interface Sci. 207 (1998), 317-323
16. R. Kurrat, J.E. Prenosil and J.J. Ramsden, "Kinetics of human and bovine serum albumin adsorption at silica-titania surfaces", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 185 (1997), 1-8
17. P.O. Luthi, J.J. Ramsden and B. Chopard, “Role of diffusion in irreversible deposition”, Physical Review E 55 (1997), 3111-3115
18. W. Lukosz, “Integrated-optical and surface-plasmon sensors for directaffinity sensing. Part II: Anisotropy of adsorbed or bound protein adlayers”, Biosensors & Bioelectronics 12 (1997), 175-184
19. D. Clerc & W. Lukosz, “Real-time analysis of avidin adsorption with an integrated-optical output grating coupler: adsorption kenetics and optical anisotropy of adsorbed monomolecular layers”, Biosensors & Bioelectronics 12 (1997), 185-194
20. V. Ball and J.J. Ramsden, “Absence of surface exclusion in the first stage of lysozyme adsorption is driven through electro static self-assembly”, J. Phys. Chem B (1997), 5465-5469
21. J.J. Ramsden, D.J. Roush, D.S. Gill, R. Kurrat and R.C. Willson, "Protein adsorption kinetics drastically altered by repositioning a single charge", J. Am. Chem. Soc 117 (1995), 8511 - 8516
22. R. Kurrat, J.J. Ramsden and J.E. Prenosil, "Kinetic model for serum albumin adsorption: experimental verification", Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions 90 (1994), 587 - 590
23. J.J. Ramsden and J.E. Prenosil, "The effect of ionic strength on protein adsorption kinetics", J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994), 5376 - 5381
24. J.J. Ramsden, "Experimental methods for investigating protein adsorption kinetics at surfaces", Quarterly Reviews of Bio-physics 27, 1 (1994), 41 - 105
25. J.J. Ramsden, "Concentration Scaling of Protein Deposition Kinetics", Physical Review Letters 71 (1993), 295 - 298
26. J.J. Ramsden, "Review of New Experimental Techniques for Investigating Random Sequential Adsorption", Journal of Statistical Physics 73 (1993), 853 - 877
27. J.J. Ramsden, "Observation of anomalous diffusion of proteins near surfaces", Journal of Physical Chemistry 96 (1992), 3388

Living cells - kinetics of adhesion, growth and spreading
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The grating coupler sensor can yield the number, size and shape of living cells growing on its surface. The measurement takes place in real time and is noninvasive. Applications include toxicology and cancer research.

1. Hug, T. S., J. E. Prenosil, and M. Morbidelli., ”Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy as a new method to study adhesion of anchorage-dependent cells as an indicator of metabolic state.” 
   Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2001. 16:865.
2. Voros, J., R. Graf, G. L. Kenausis, A. Bruinink, J. Mayer, M. Textor, E. Wintermantel, and N. D. Spencer. , "Feasibility study of an online toxicological sensor based on the optical waveguide technique. "
   Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2000. 15:423.
3. L. Ruiz, E. Fine, J. Vörös, S. A. Makohliso, D. Léonard, D. S. Johnston, M. Textor and H. J. Mathieu, "Phosorylcholine-containing polyurethanes for the control of protein adsorption and cell attachment via photoimmobilized laminin oligopeptides", J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn. 10 (1999), 931-955
4. J.J. Ramsden, S.Y. Li, E. Heinzle and J.E. Prenosil, "Optical method for measurement of number and shape of attached cells in real time", Cytometry 19 (1995), 97 - 102
5. J.J. Ramsden, S.Y. Li, J.E. Prenosil and E. Heinzle "Kinetics of adhesion and spreading of animal cells", Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), 939 - 945
6. S.Y. Li, J.J. Ramsden, J.E. Prenosil and E. Heinzle, "Mea-surement of adhesion and spreading kinetics of baby hamster kidney and hybridoma cells using an integrated optical method", Bio-technol. Prog. 10 (1994), 520 - 524

Bio- and Immunosensors
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The papers in this section cover a wide variety of different sensing applications. The analytes detected range from small drug molecules to large proteins.

1. Trummer N., Adányi N., Váradi M., Szendrő I., “Modification of the surface of integrated optical waveguide sensors for immunosensor applications” 
   Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 371, 2001,
2. Horvath, R., T. Kerekgyarto, G. Csucs, S. Gaspar, P. Illyes, G. Ronto, and E. Papp., ”The effect of UV irrradiation on uracil thin layer measured by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy.” 
   Biosensors & Bioelectronics 2000. 
3. M. Seifert, K. Tiefenthaler, K. Heuberger, W. Lukosz and K. Mosbach, "An Integrated Optical Biosensor (IOBS)", Analytical Letters 19 (1+2), (1986), 205 - 216
4. J. J. Ramsden, "OWLS: A versatile technique for sensing with bioarrays", Chimia 53 (1999), 67-71
5. J. J. Ramsden, "A sum parameter sensor for water quality", Wat. Res. 33 (1999), 1147-1150
6. I. Szedrő, "Integrated Optical Chemical and Biochemical sensors", Advanced Study Course on Optical Chemical Sensors, Neusiedl am See, Austria, 27-29 september 1999
7. U. Bilitewski, F. F. Bier and A. Brandenburg, "Immunobiosensors based on grating couplers", in K. R. Rogers and A. Mulchandani, "Affinity Biosensors-Techniques and Protocols", Human Press, Totowa, 1998, 121-134
8. Ramsden J., Némethné-Sallay M., Vörös J., Szendrő I., "Integrated optical waveguide sensor for surface adsorption study" (in Hungarian)
   Fizikai Szemle, 1997/9, p. 281.
9. J. Piehler, A. Brandenburg, A. Brecht, E. Wagner and G. Gauglitz, "Characterisation of grating couplers for affinity based pesticide sensing", Applied Optics (1997)
10. W. Lukosz, “Integrated-optical and surface-plasmon sensors for direct affinity sensing. Part II: Anisotropy of adsorbend or bound protein adlayers”, Bosensors & Bioelectronics 12 (1997), 175-184
11. D. Clerc & W. Lukosz, “Real-time analysis of advidin adsorption with an integrated-optical output grating coupler: adsorption kinetics and optical anisotropy of adsorbed monomolecular layers”, Biosensors & Bioelectronics 12 (1997), 185-194
12. J. J. Ramsden, M. Németh-Sallai, J.Vörös and I. Szendrő, "Integrált optikai hullámvezető szenzor felületi adszorpció vizsgálatára", Fizikai Szemle 1997/9
13. J. Balázs, M. Rácz, I Szendrő, J. Vörös, A. Hámori and Zs. Szabó, "Development of integrated optical sensors-technology and measurement", Proceedings of the ninth Hungarian-Korean seminar: Integrated circuits and devices, edited by E. Czoboly, Budapest, 1997, 301-310
14. J. Piehler, A. Brandenburg, A. Brecht, E. Wagner and G. Gauglitz, "Reflection grating coupler for affinity based pesticide detection", Proccedings of the 11th European Conference on Solide State Transducers, Eurosensors XI, 1997, Warsaw, Poland, 1437-1440
15. D. Clerc and W. Lukosz, "Direct immunosensing with an integrated-optical output grating coupler", Sensors and Actuators B40 (1997), 53-58
16. J. J. Ramsden, "Optical biosensors", J. Mol. Rec., 10 (1997) 109-120
17. R. Polzius, E. Diessel, F. F. Bier and U. Bilitewski, " Real-time observation of affinity reactions using grating couplers: determination of the detection limit and calculation of kinetic rate constants", Analytical Biocemistry 248 (1997), 269-276
18. A. Makower, A. Barmin, T. Morzunova, A. Eremenko, I. Kurochkin, F. F. Bier and F. W. Scheller, "Affinity enzymometric assay for detection of phosphororganic compounds", Analytica Chemica Acta 357 (1997), 13-20
19. A. Brandenburg, R. Polzius, F. Bier, U. Bilitewski and E. Wagner, "Direct observation of affinity reactions by reflected mode operation of integrated optical grating coupler", Sensors and Actuators B 30 (1996), 55 - 59
20. J.J. Ramsden, "A dosimeter for oligopeptide hormones", Sensors and Actuators B 30 (1996), 107 - 110
21. F.F. Bier, W.F.M. Stöcklin, E. Ehrentreich-Förster and F.W. Scheller, "Immunosensing of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid using biochemical amplification. Influence of organic solvent on binding observed by evanescent field technology", Proc. SPIE 2504 (1995), 153 - 158
22. F.F. Bier and R.D. Schmid, "Real time analysis of competitive binding using grating coupler immunosensors for pesticide detection", Biosensors and Bioelectronics 9 (1994), 125 - 130
23. D. Clerc and W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical output grating coupler as bio chemical sensor", Sensors and Actuators B, 18 - 19 (1994), 581 - 586
24. F.F. Bier, R. Jockers and R.D. Schmid, "Integrated optical immunosensors for striazine determination: regeneration, calibration and limitations", Analyst 119 (1994), 437 - 441
25. J. Hodgson, "Light, Angles, Action. Instruments for label-free, real-time monitoring of intermolecular interactions", Bio/Technology 12 (1994), January, 31 - 35
26. R. Jockers, F.F. Bier and R.D. Schmid, "Specific binding of photosynthetic reaction centres to herbicide-modified grating couplers", Analytica Chimica Acta 280 (1993), 53 - 59
27. R. Polzius, F.F. Bier, U. Bilitewski, V. Jäger and R.D. Schmid, "On-line monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in animal cell culture using a grating coupler", Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), 1287 - 1292
28. J.J. Ramsden, "Sensitivity enhancement of integrated optic sensor using Langmuir-Blodgett lipid films", Sensors and Actuators B, 15 - 16 (1993), 439 - 442
29. G. Panayotou, M.D. Waterfield and P. End, "Riding the evanescent wave", Current Biology 3 (1993), 913 - 915
30. F.F. Bier, W. Stöcklein and R.D. Schmid, "Direct observation of antiatrazine antibody binding using grating couplers", GBF-Monographs Vol. 17; Eds. R.D. Schmid and F. Scheller, VCH Weinheim (1992), 205
31. A. Gebbert, F.F. Bier, U. Bilitewski and R.D. Schmid, "Microbial Principles in Bioprocesses Cell Culture Technology-Downstream Processing and Recovery", Dechema Biotechnology Conferences, Vol. 5, Part A (1992) edited by G. Kreysa and A.J. Driesel, 489 - 492
32. J.J. Ramsden, "Membran-beschichtete Wellenleiter zur Be-stimmung von Drogen", Bioforum 15 (1992), 298 - 299
33. Ph. M. Nellen and W. Lukosz, "Model experiments with integrated optical input grating couplers as direct immunosensors", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 6 (1991), 517 - 525
34. W. Lukosz, D. Clerc, Ph.M. Nellen, Ch. Stamm and P. Weiss, "Output grating couplers on planar optical waveguides as direct immunosensors", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 6 (1991), 227 - 232
35. P.K. Spohn, J.E. Prenosil and K. Tiefenthaler, "A novel instrumental set-up for in-situ detection of protein ad-sorption with Grating Coupler Sensors (GCS)", Analytical Letters 23 (1990), 411 - 424
36. P.M. Nellen, K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, "Integrated Optical Input Grating Couplers as Biochemical Sensors", Sensors and Actuators 15 (1988), 285
37. P.K. Spohn and M. Seifert, "Interaction of aqueous solutions with Grating Couplers used as Integrated Optical Sensors and their pH behaviour", Sensors and Actuators 15 (1988), 309

Ligand/receptor binding (including antibody/antigen)
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This topic is basic to understanding molecular recognition in biology. The whole immune system is based upon it, as well as the blood coagulation cascade, signalling transduction between and within cells, etc. Many biosensors are also based on this principle (see preceding section).

1. J.J. Ramsden and C. Schubert Wright, "The interaction between wheat germ agglutinin and membrane incorporated glycophorin A. An optical binding study", Glycoconjugate Journal 12 (1995), 113 - 121
2. A. Bernard and H.R. Bosshard, "Real-time monitoring of anti-gen-antibody recognition on a metal oxide surface by an optical grating coupler sensor", Eur. J. Biochem. 230 (1995) 416 - 423
3. J.J. Ramsden and P. Schneider, "Membrane insertion and antibody recognition of a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored protein: An optical study", Biochemistry 32 (1993), 523 -529

Pharmacology
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The main application of the grating coupler sensor to this field is in drug determination. The waveguide-supported lipid bilayer is closer to the real cell membrane than other model systems. It can be used for rapid, accurate drug screening, as well as for more fundamental studies of the blood-brain barrier, etc.

1. J.J. Ramsden, "Partition coefficients of drugs in bilayer lipid membranes", Experientia 49 (1993), 688 - 692

Properties of bilayer lipid membranes and other thin films
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The very first applications of optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) were in this field. The grating coupler sensor has enabled studies of this type to be undertaken much more conveniently than heretofore. Accessible properties include the thickness, density and anisotropy of thin films, and their changes following a perturbation can be followed in real time.

1. Horvath, R., T. Kerekgyarto, G. Csucs, S. Gaspar, P. Illyes, G. Ronto, and E. Papp., 
   ”The effect of UV irradiation on uracil thin layer measured by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy.” 
   Biosensors & Bioelectronics 2001. 16:17.
2. Ramsden, J.J. , ”Molecular orientation in lipid bilayers.”
   Phil. Mag. B 79 (1999) 381-386-
3. Csucs, G., and Ramsden J. J., ”Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with smooth metal-oxide surfaces.” 
   Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes 1998. 1369:61-70.
4. Csucs, G., and Ramsden J. J., ”Solubilization of planar bilayers with detergent.” 
   Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes 1998. 1369:304-308.
5. J. J. Ramsden, " Molecular orientation in lipid bilayers", Philosophical Magazine B 79 (1999), 381-386
6. G. Csucs and J. J. Ramsden, "Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with smooth metal-oxide surfaces", Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1369 (1998), 61-70
7. G. Csucs and J. J. Ramsden, "Solubilization of planar bilayers with detergent, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1369 (1998), 304-308
8. M. Maté and J. J. Ramsden, "Colloidal particles efficiently scavenge fatty acid Langmuir-Blodgett films", J. Dispersion Science and Technology 19 (1998), 875-883
9. J. J. Ramsden, Y.M. Lvov and G. Decher, "Determination of optical constants of molecular films assembled via alternate polyion adsorption", Thin Solid Films 254 (1995), 246 - 251 and 261 (1995), 343 - 344
10. H. Knobloch, S. Woigk, L. Brehmer, R. Yusupov and A. Rakhnyans kaya, " Metal ion adsorption to Langmuir-Blodgett films monitored by the optical waveguide technique", Thin Solid Films 265 (1995), 89 - 91
11. W. Meier and J.J. Ramsden, "Surface pressure determines the interaction between poly(oxyethylene) and a surfactant bilayer", J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996), 1435 - 1438
12. J. J. Ramsden, "Partial molar volume of solutes in bilayer lipid membranes", Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 (1993), 4479 - 4483

Protein - lipid bilayer interactions
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In biology, the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) is probably the most important surface with which proteins interact. The ease with which a BLM can be deposited onto a grating coupler sensor (GCS) is a major advantage of using the GCS.

1. Michielin, O., Vergeres G., and Ramsden J. J., ”Myristoylation-induced compaction of a membrane-binding protein.” 
   Journal of the American Chemical Society 1999. 121:6523-6526.
2. O. Michielin, G. Vergcres,J. J. Ramsden, "Myristoylation-   induced compaction of a membrane-binding protein", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999), 6523-6526  
3. O. Michielin, J. J. Ramsden, G. Vergcres, "Unmyristoylated MARCKS-related protein (MRP) binds to supported planar phosphatidyl-choline membranes" Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1375 (1998), 110-116
4. J.J. Ramsden, G.I. Bachmanova and A. I. Archakov, "Immobilization of proteins to lipid bilayers", Biosensors and Bioelectronics 11 (1996), 523 - 528
5. G. Vergcres, J. Ramsden and L. Waskell, "The carboxyl terminus of the membrane-binding domain of cytochrome b5 spans the bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum", J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995), 3414 - 3422
6. S. Heyse, H. Vogel, M. Sänger and H. Sigrist, "Covalent attachment of functionalized lipid bilayers to planar wave guides for measuring protein binding to biomimetic membranes", Protein Science 4 (1995), 2532 - 2544
7. J.J. Ramsden, G.I. Bachmanova and A.I. Archakov, "Kinetic evidence for protein clustering at a surface", Physical Review E 50 (1994), 5072 - 5076
8. J.J. Ramsden and P. Schneider, "Membrane insertion and antibody recognition of a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored protein: An optical study", Biochemistry 32 (1993), 0523 -529
9. J.J. Ramsden, "Calcium-dependence of Laminin binding to Phospholipid membranes", Biopolymers 33 (1993), 475 - 477

Protein - DNA/RNA interactions, Nucleic acids, genosensors, etc,
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Since the grating coupler sensor can be easily coated with very long DNA molecules, it is ideally suited to investigate both hybridization and protein binding.

1. Chiu ML, Viollier PH, Katoh T, Ramsden JJ, Thompson CJ., ”Ligand-induced changes in the Streptomyces lividans TipAL protein imply an alternative mechanism of transcriptional activation for MerR-like proteins.”
   Biochemistry 2001 Oct 30;40(43):12950-8
2. J.J. Ramsden and J. Dreier, "Kinetics of the interaction between DNA and the type IC restriction enzyme EcoR124II
3. F. Kleinjung, S. Klussmann, V. A. Erdmann, F. W. Scheller, J. P. Fürste and F. F. Bier, "High affinity RNA as recognition element in a biosensor", Analytical Chemistry 70 (1998), 328-331
4. F. F. Bier and J. P. Fürste, "Nucleic acid based sensors" in Frontiers in Biosensorics, Eds. F. W. Scheller, F. Schubert und J. Fedrowitz, Birkhauser, Basel, 1997, 97-120
5. F.F. Bier, F. Kleinjung and F.W. Scheller, "Real time measurement of nucleic acid hybridization using evanescent wave sensors - steps towords the genosensor, Sensors and Actuators B38-39 (1997), 78-82
6. T. Börchers, F. Spener, B. Sprecht, A. A. Kruchinin and Y. G. Vlasov, "Peculiarities of recognition element for DNA biosensor", Preceedings of the 11th European Conference on Solid State Transducers, Eurosensors XI, 1997, Warsaw, Poland, 1437-1440
7. T. Börchers, F. Spener, A. A. Kruchinin and Y. G. Vlasov, "Biosensor for DNA detection on the basis of integrated optical waveguide", Preceedings of the 11th European Conference on Solid State Transducers, Eurosensors XI, 1997, Warsaw, Poland, 1433-1436
8. F. Kleinjung, F. F. Bier, A. Warsinke, F. W. Scheller, "Fibreoptic genosensor for specific determination of femtomolar DNA oligomers", Analytica Chemica Acta 350 (1997), 51-59
9. F.F. Bier and F.W. Scheller, "Label-free observation of DNA- hybridisation and endonuclease activity on a waveguide surface using a grating coupler", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 11 (1996), 669-674

Molecular self-assembly & nanoscience
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Although the vast bulk of reported work involves biological molecules, use of the grating coupler sensor (GCS) is by no means confined to them. Due to the high precision with which an assembly process can be followed, the GCS is becoming an essential tool for investigating the fundamentals of self-assembly.

1. Guemouri, L., Ogier J., Zekhnini Z., and Ramsden J. J., "Architecture of fibronectin at surfaces." 
   Journal of Chemical Physics 2000. 113:8183.
2. Brovelli, D., G. Hahner, L. Ruiz, R. Hofer, G. Kraus, A. Waldner, J. Schlosser, P. Oroszlan, M. Ehrat, and N. D. Spencer. , “Highly oriented, self-assembled alkanephosphate monolayers on tantalum(V) oxide surfaces.” 
   Langmuir 1999. 15:4324.
3. Mate, M., and J. J. Ramsden. , ”Addition of particles of alternating charge.” 
   J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1998. 94:2813.
4. Csucs, G., and J. J. Ramsden. , ”Generalized ballistic deposition of small buoyant particles.” 
   J. Chem. Phys. 1998. 109:779.
5. Guemouri, L., J. Ogier, and J. J. Ramsden. , ”Optical properties of protein monolayers during assembly.” 
   Journal of Chemical Physics 1998. 109:3265-3268. 
6. J. J. Ramsden and M. Máté, "Kinetics of monolayer particle deposition", J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 94(6) (1998), 783-788
7. M. Máté and J. J. Ramsden, "Addition of particles of alternating charge", J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 94 (1998), 2813-2816
8. Ball, V., and J. J. Ramsden. , ”Absence of Surface Exclusion in the First Stage of Lysozyme Adsorption Is Driven through Electrostatic Self-Assembly.” 
   J. Phys. Chem. B 1997. 101:5465.
9. E.C. Constable, P. Haverson and J.J. Ramsden, “Adsorption of ruthenadendrimers to silica-titania surfaces studied by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS)” Chem. Commun., 1997. 1683-1684

Biomolecular interactions (general)
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1. J. J. Ramsden, "Towards zero-perturbation methods for invastigating biomolecular interactions", Colloids and Surfaces A: Physico-chemical and Engineering Aspects 141 (1998), 287-294
2. J. J. Ramsden, "Biospecific interaction analysis using integrated optics techniques", in "Quantitative analysis of biospecific interactions", edited by P. Lundahl, A. Lundqvist and E. Greijer, Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998

 

Analysis of association and dissociation kinetics
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Since one of the main advantages of the grating coupler sensor (GCS) is the ease with which precision kinetic information about a process can be obtained, it is important that the information inherent in the data is fully exploited. The papers in this section can be recommended for their expositions of kinetic analyses.

1. Calonder, C., and P. R. Van Tassel. , ”Kinetic regimes of protein adsorption.” 
   Langmuir 2001. 17:4392-4395.
2. Ramsden, J. J. , ”The specificity of biomolecular particle adhesion.” 
   Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2000. 173:237.
3. Lavalle, P., C. Gergely, A. Lustig, and V. Ball., "Critical analysis of the apoferritin adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces in the framework of a particular adsorption model." 
   Journal of Chemical Physics 2000. 113:8212.
4. R. Kurrat, J. E. Prenosil and J. J. Ramsden, "Kinetics of human and bovine serum albumin adsorption at silica-titania surfaces", J. Col. Int. Sci. 185 (1997), 1-8
5. J. J. Ramsden and J. Dreier, "Kinetics of the interaction between DNA and the type IC restriction enzyme EcoR124II", Biochemistry 35 (1996), 3746-3753
6. J. J. Ramsden, D. J. Roush, D.S. Gill, R. Kurrat and R. C. Willson, "Protein adsorption kinetics drastically altered by repositioning a singel charge", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (1995), 8511-8516
7. J. J. Ramsden and C. Schubert Wright, "The interaction between wheat germ agglutinin and membrane incorporated glycophorin A. An optical binding study", Glycoconjugate Journal 12 (1995), 113-121
8. R. Kurrat, J. J. Ramsden and J. E. Prenosil, "Kinetic model for serum albumin adsorption: experimental verification" J. Chem. Soc. Farady Trans. 90 (1994), 587-590
9. J. J. Ramsden, G. I. Bachmanova and A. I. Archakov, "Kinetic evidence for protein clustering at a surface", Phys. Rev. E 50 (1994), 5072-5076
10. J. J. Ramsden and J. E. Prenosil, "The effect of ionic strength on protein adsorption kinetics", J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994), 5376-5381
11. J. J. Ramsden, "Concentration scaling of protein deposition kinetics", Phys. Rew. Letters 71 (1993), 295-298
12. J. J. Ramsden, "Calcium-dependence of laminin binding to phospholipid membranes", Biopolymers 33 (1993), 475-477
13. J. J. Ramsden, "Observation of anomalous diffusion of proteins near surfaces", J. Phys. Chem. 96 (1992), 3388

Optics
see also Manufacturing :: Application

1. Horvath, R., J. Voros, R. Graf, G. Fricsovszky, M. Textor, L. R. Lindvold, N. D. Spencer, and E. Papp., ”Effect of patterns and inhomogeneities on the surface of waveguides used for optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy applications.” 
   Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics 2001. 72:441.
2. Horvath, R., G. Fricsovszky, and E. Papp., ”Biophysical application of the optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy.” 
   Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters 2001. 6:348-350.
3. Mann, E. K. , ”Evaluating optical techniques for determining film structure: Optical invariants for anisotropic dielectric thin films.” 
   Langmuir 2001. 17:5872-5881.
4. Picart, C., G. Ladam, B. Senger, J. C. Voegel, P. Schaaf, F. J. G. Cuisinier, and C. Gergely. 
   ”Determination of structural parameters characterizing thin films by optical methods: A comparison between scanning angle reflectometry and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy.” 
   Journal of Chemical Physics 2001. 115:1086-1094.
5. M. Wicki, R.E. Kunz, G. Voirin, K. Tiefenthaler and A. Bernard, "Novel integrated optical sensor based on a grating coupler tript", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 13 (1998), 1181-1185
6. V. Ball and J. J. Ramsden, "Buffer dependence of refractive index increments of protein solutions", Biopolymers 46 (1998), 489-492
7. L. Guemouri, J. Ogier and J.J. Ramsden, "Optical properties of protein monolayers during assembly", J. Chem. Phys. 109 (1998), 3265-3268
8. R. Kurrat, M. Textor, J.J. Ramsden, P. Böni and N.D. Spencer, "Instrumental improvements in optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) for the study of biomolecule adsorption", Review of Scientific Instruments (1997)
9. W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical chemical and direct biochemical sensors", Sensors and Actuators B 29 (1995), 37-50
10. A. Brandenburg and A. Gombert, "Grating couplers as chemical sensors: a new optical configuration", Sensors and Actuators B 17 (1993), 35 - 40
11. D. Clerc and W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical output grating coupler as refractometer and (bio)-chemical sensor", Sensors and Actuators B 11 (1993), 461 - 465
12. K. Tiefenthaler, "Integrated optical couplers as chemical waveguide sensors", Advances in Biosensors 2 (1992) 261 - 289
13. W. Lukosz, "Principles and sensitivities of integrated optical and surface plasmon sensors for direct affinity sensing and immunosensing", Biosensors & Bioelectronics 6 (1991), 215-225
14. W. Lukosz, "Integrated-optical biochemical sensors and direct immunoassays", Fresenius J Anal Chem, 337 (1990), 24 - 25
15. W. Lukosz, Ph.M. Nellen, Ch. Stamm and P. Weiss, "Output grating couplers on planar waveguides as integrated optical chemical sensors", Sensors and Actuators B1 (1990), 585 - 588
16. Ph.M. Nellen and W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical input grating couplers as chemo- and immunosensors", Sensors and Actuators B1 (1990), 592 - 596
17. W. Lukosz, Th. Brenner, V. Briguet, Ph. M. Nellen and P. Zeller, "Output grating couplers on planar waveguides as integrated optical sensors", SPIE Vol. 1141, 5^th European Conference on Integrated Optics ECIO'89, 192 - 200
18. K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, "Sensitivity of grating couplers as integrated-optical chemical sensors", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6 (1989), 209
19. W. Lukosz and K. Tiefenthaler, "Sensitivity of integrated optical grating and prism couplers as (bio)chemical sensors", Sensors and Actuators 15 (1988), 273
20. W. Lukosz and V. Briguet, "Novel integrated thermo-optic switches", Thin Solid Films 126 (1985), 197
21. K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, "Grating couplers as integrated optical humidity and gas sensors", Thin Solid Films 126 (1985), 205
22. K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical humidity and gas sensors", Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 514 (1984), 215
23. K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical switches and gas sensors", Opt. Lett. 9 (1984), 137

Manufacturing
see also Optics :: Application

1. Szendrő I. ,“Art and Practice to Emboss Gratings into Sol-Gel Waveguides” - Publication in PDF format (1.2 MB)
   SPIE’s Symposium on Integrated Optics, „Functional Integration of Opto-Electro-Mechanical Devices and Systems”, 20-26 January 2001, San Jose, CA. USA
2. J.J. Ramsden, M.Németh-Sallai, J.Vörös, I.Szendro, “Integrated Optical Waveguide sensor for investation of surface adsorption”, Fizika Szemle 9(1997), 281-285 (in Hungarian)
3. N. Goutev, Zh. S. Nickolov and J.J. Ramsden, "Waveguide Raman Spectroscopy of Si(Ti)O2 Thin Films with Grating Coupling", Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 27 (1996), 897-900
4. J.J. Ramsden, "Porosity of Pyrolyzed Sol-Gel Waveguides", J. Mater.  Chem. 4 (8) (1994), 1263 - 1265
5. S. Saini, R. Kurrat, J.E. Prenosil and J.J. Ramsden, "Temperature dependence of pyrolysed sol-gel planar waveguide parameters", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 27 (1994), 1134 - 1138
6. M. Heming, B. Danielzik, J. Otto, V. Paquet and Ch. Fattinger "Plasma impulse chemical vapor deposited TiO₂ waveguiding films: properties and potential applications in integrated optical sensor systems", Materials Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 276 (1992), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 117 - 123
7. H.J. Frenck, E. Oesterschulze, R. Beckmann, W. Kulisch and R. Kassing, "Low temperature remote plasma-enhanced deposition of thin metal oxide films by decomposition of metal alkoxides", Materials Science and Engineering A139 (1991), 394 - 400
8. R.E. Kunz, C.L. Du, J. Edlinger, H.K. Pulker and M. Seifert, "Integrated optical sensor based on reactive low voltage ion plated films", Sensors and Actuators A25 (1991), 155
9. D.W. Hewak and J.W.Y. Lit, "Standardization and control of a dip-coating procedure for optical thin films prepared from solution", Can. J. Phys. 66 (1988), 861 - 867
10. D.W. Hewak and J.W.Y. Lit, "Fabrication of tapers and lens like waveguides by a microcontrolled dip coating procedure", Appl. Opt. 27 (1988), 4562
11. K. Heuberger and W. Lukosz, "Embossing technique for fabricating surface relief gratings on hard oxide waveguides", Appl. Opt. 25 (1986), 1499
12. W. Lukosz and K. Tiefenthaler, "Embossing technique for fabricating integrated optical components in hard inor ganic waveguiding materials", Opt. Lett. 8 (1983), 537
13. K. Tiefenthaler, V. Briguet, E. Buser, M. Horisberger and W. Lukosz, "Preparation of planar optical SiO₂-TiO₂ and LiNbO₃ waveguides with a dip coating method and an embossing technique for fabricating grating couplers and channel waveguides", Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 401 (1983),165 - 173
14. P.P. Herrmann and D. Wildmann, "Fabrication of planar dielectric waveguides with high optical damage threshold", IEEE J. Quantum Electronics QE-19 (1983), 1735 - 1738